54-8 



THE LIVING RACES OF MANKIND 



cane before they had any knowledge of the European instrument. Good specimens from the 

 Cocopa, Sioux, Creek, Apache, and other tribes are found in the U.S. National Museum. 

 Sports, such as racing and dancing, were freely entered into, while games of chance were also 

 appreciated, plum-stones serving as dice among some of the prairie tribes. Apache playing- 

 card^ made of skin are exhibited in the British Museum. The cruel rites by which the youths 

 of many tribes were admitted to the rank of warriors need only bare mention. 



The tribal system was maintained in great perfection; cacli tribe being governed by a 

 paramount chief, under whom were minor chieftains. A very complex social system was also 

 developed, into the details of which it is impossible to enter here. It may be observed, 

 however, that, in the opinion of American anthropologists, the clan system that is to sav, the 

 calculation of descent from the mother's side was just being merged in the gens, or system 

 of paternal descent, about the time that the natives came under European influence. ; ' Every 

 clan in a tribe," writes Mr. J. W. Powell, "receives a special name, which has come to be 

 known as its totem. Thus in a tribe there may be a buffalo clan, a cloud clan, a wind clan, 

 an eagle clan, and a parrot clan, with others. Sometimes the clan name is the common nam& 

 for all persons in the clan, but more often there is a group of names signifying some real or 



Photo by Wilfred Emery] 



GUATUSO WOMEN AND CHILD, COSTA I1ICA. 



