38 APPLE. 



first, highly flavoured ; the second, such as fall, or become 

 mellow in baking or boiling; and the third, austere, and 

 generally fruit of small size. Besides this division, Apples 

 are classed as pippins or seedlings, pearmains or somewhat 

 pear-shaped fruits, rennets or queen-specked fruits, calviles 

 or white-skinned fruits, russets or brown fruits, and some are 

 denominated burknots. 



The Apple may be propagated by layers, and many sorts 

 by cuttings and budding, but the usual mode is by grafting 

 on seedling stocks of two or three years growth, and for 

 dwarfing, on stocks of the Quince or Paradise Apple. All 

 the principal varieties are cultivated as standards in the 

 orchard, and should be planted from thirty to forty feet from 

 each other, or from any other spreading trees, in order that 

 the sun and air may have their due influence in maturing the 

 fruit. 



Many of the dwarf kinds may be introduced . into the 

 Kitchen Garden, and trained as espaliers, or dwarf standards. 

 An Apple Orchard may be planted at any time after the 

 trees are two years old from the graft ; and as trees from 

 young stocks will not come into full bearing until ten or 

 twelve years old, they will bear removing with care at any 

 time within that ^period. 



Old Apple trees may be grafted with superior varieties by 

 being headed down to standard height : most commonly, in 

 very old subjects, the branches only are cut within a foot or 

 two of the trunk, and then grafted in the crown or cleft 

 manner. In all the varieties of the common Apple, the 

 mode of bearing is upon small terminal and lateral spurs, 

 or short robust shoots, from half an inch to two inches long, 

 which spring from the younger branches of two or more 

 years' growth, appearing at first at the extremity, and ex- 

 tending gradually to the side : the same bearing branches 

 and fruit spurs continue many years fruitful. 



PRUNING. As, from the mode of bearing, Apple trees do 

 not admit of shortening the general bearers, it should only 



