TILLAGE 



779 



that, taking this state as a whole, the amount of winter injury is 

 rather largo. It is true that the amount of winter injury or the 

 number of trees killed or injured in an orchard is likely to be 

 rather sum 11 in any one year. However, when a few trees are 

 injured each year, or every two or three years, it does not take long 

 for enough to be injured to reduce greatly the yield of the orchard. 

 There are very many forms of winter injury to be observed in 

 this .slate; in fact, the prevailing type of injury is likely to be 

 different on almost every year. Some of the most common forms 



l'i<;. -0;>. ('OVERCROP OF RED CLOVER, WITH THE WILD GRASS THAT NECES- 

 SARILY (Juows AITER CULTIVATION CEASES, IN YOUNG ORCHARD OF MR. F. W. 

 CORNWALL, PULTIVEYVILLE, N. Y. 



Mr. Cornwall practices very early plowing in the spring, sometimes begin- 

 ning to plow before all the frost is out of the ground. He then sows his cover 

 crop late in June or early in July. 



are: killing back of twigs; killing of small areas of tissue in the 

 bud so that the starting of the bud is often delayed, even when the 

 bud is not killed ; killing around the base of the tree just above the 

 surface of the soil, or even just below the surface of the soil. In 

 practically all of these forms of killing, except in the colder por- 

 tions of the state, the condition of the tree as it goes into winter 

 seems to determine the amount of injury. If the tree has ceased 

 growth and the wood has become firm rather early, then the danger 



