828 THE FRUIT INDUSTRY i^ NEW YORK STATE 



usually done in spasmodic pruning. This causes water sprouts. 

 Branches should be cut off close to the limb. 



SPRAYING 



The reasons for spraying are to protect the leaf, which makes 

 the starch, and to save the fruit from infects and fungi, which 

 spoil its appearance and salability. Spraying must be done 

 promptly and thoroughly promptly because thus the insect are 

 more easily and completely destroyed, and thoroughly so that every 

 leaf is coated. To do this, it is desirable to drench the tree so 

 that no part may escape. This will be much more easily accom- 

 plished if the tree has been properly pruned. 



FIG. 222. APPLE ORCHARD i>: BLOSSOM THE WRONG TIME TO SPRAY 



There are two enemies to be controlled insects and fungi. 

 Insects may be classed either as the chewing or sucking species. 

 The chewing insects can be destroyed by a poison such as arsenate 

 of lead, sprayed upon the leaf or fruit. Sucking insects are de- 

 stroyed by a contact spray, which kills by striking their bodies. 

 Soap or tobacco extract is used. For fungi, the leaf or fruit must 

 be sprayed previous to attacks. The fungicide bordeaux mixture 

 or lime-sulphur is used. 



The first or dormant spraying is applied as the leaf tips appear. 

 The spray used is commercial lime and sulphur, testing 32 degrees 



