880 THE FRUIT INDUSTRY iisr XEW YORK STATE 



These, however, seem to affect the vigor of the tree little or not 

 at all. In this test there were no enlargements on standard trees 

 although they may occasionally be seen in orchards of standards. 

 The number of these deformities on the two dwarfing stocks seems 

 to be about the same, although it is impossible to give the exact 

 number since one can hardly say when, an enlargement at the 

 union becomes abnormal. These figures seem to indicate that the 

 union between stock and scion is poorest on the Paradise, next so 

 on Doiicin, and best on the standard. 



Winter Injury. The following figures, grouped for the thr( 

 orchards and roughly given, indicate the relative hardiness of th( 

 three stocks: Of the 600 trees on French Paradise, 57, or 9.5 

 per cent, are marked as having died of winter injury ; of the 404 

 Doucins, 18, or 4.45 per cent, were winterkilled; on the French 

 Crab only three, or 2.75 per cent, succumbed to cold. 



That the dwarfing stocks are less hardy than the French Crab 

 occasions little surprise when one remembers that their roots are 

 much nearer the surface of the ground. The French Paradise is 

 reported everywhere in Europe to be tender to cold, and it is to 

 be expected that it would be less hardy in the trying climate of 

 New York than either of the other two stocks. Undoubtedly the 

 injury from winterkilling was more severe during the first and 

 second seasons because the trees had been planted in the autumn. 

 From the experience with fall planting in these three orchards, it 

 may be laid down as a rule that dwarf trees should not be planted 

 in the autumn in a climate as cold as that of New York. 



Surface Rooting. The greatest weakness of dwarfing stocks 

 for New York orchard conditions is the surface-rooting habit of 

 both Doucin and Paradise. In this respect the two stocks cannot 

 be distinguished the roots of one being as near the surface as 

 those of the other. In Fig 249 is shown the rooting habit of the 

 three stocks. Several evils follow surface rooting. The dwarf 

 trees suffered most from winter injury no doubt in part be- 

 cause of the nearness of the roots to the surface. About ten per 

 cent of the dwarf trees in the three orchards sooner or later 

 either blew over or their roots were so exposed that the trees had 

 to be reset or replaced. In Fig. 250 is shown a tree on Paradise 

 blown over the last year of the experiment. Undoubtedly, too, 



