CULTURAL METHODS FOR THE GRAPE ix XKW YORK 1285 



The renewal each year, as in the case of all tlie others so far dis- 

 cussed, is from spurs. High (juality of fruit and cheapness of 

 trellis commend this system. 



There are other modifications of the drooping type of training. 

 but for one reason or another they have been dropped in com- 

 mercial vineyards. The commoner are the six- and eight-cane 

 Kniffen, in which three and four wires are required respectively, 

 making an expensive trellis necessary. 





FIG. 426. THE UMBRELLA SYSTEM 



The Upright Type. This type of training carries two or more 

 canes along a horizontal wire, or obliquely across the wires. The 

 two methods of renewal in this type naturally divide into two 

 groups, namely, high renewal, or cane renewal, and spur renewal. 



High Renewal. The high renewal system is in general use in 

 many ^rape-growing sections, having much to commend it. The 

 trellis is made with fwo, three, or more wires, but usually three. 

 The lowest wire is placed from eighteen to thirty inches above 

 the ground, while the second and third are from eighteen to 

 twenty inches apart respectively. The main trunk or stem of 



