1288 THE FRUIT INDUSTRY IN ^EW YORK STATE 



Horizontal Arm Spur. The trellis for this system is pracy 

 tically the same as for the high renewal. Two canes are laid 

 down, one to the right and the other to ! the left of the trunk, 

 which has been brought to the height of the lower wire or just 

 below it. The number of buds left on each cane will depend on 

 the vigor of the vine and the availability of the space between 

 the adjoining vines. These canes are to become permanent arms, 

 doing service for several years. The shoots that develop from 

 buds on these canes in the present year are cut back to two buds 

 in fall or winter. Two shoots are allowed to grow from each of 

 these spurs and are tied to the upper wires. In the fall one cane 

 from the upper part of the spur is cut entirely away, and the 

 other cane is cut to two buds as before. Then, at the beginning 

 of the next season, there are as in the previous year, two shoots 

 springing from a spur on a permanent arm. The spurs will 

 lengthen fast and become crooked ; hence, it is the best practice 

 to cut them entirely ' away every few years and to grow others 

 from shoots that arise directly from the arms. The spurs may 

 be distributed from ten to twenty inches apart on the arms. 



Chautauqua System. This system is but a modification of 

 the horizontal-arm-spur system just described, except that nine to 

 twelve bud canes carry the fruit instead of short spurs. Perma- 

 nent arms are used to support the canes, which are tied yearly to a 

 two- o'r three-wire trellis. These canes may be tied perpendicu- 

 larly or obliquely. If two wires are used, they are usually 

 thirty-four inches apart ; if three, about twenty inches apart. In 

 the following year the canes for tying develop either directly 

 from the old wood of the arms, from spurs on the arms, or from 

 the basal buds of the past season's canes. This system has a 

 strong hold on the vineyardists of Chauataqua County, for the 

 principal grape, the Concord, adapts itself fairly well to 1 training 

 according to this system. The old arms should be renewed fre- 

 quently, since in time they become crooked and gnarled, the 

 extremities often being a great distance from the head of the vine. 



Fan System. While still used in certain localities, the fan 

 system of training is not nearly so popular as it was a few years 

 since. Here the renewals are obtained yearly from spurs near 

 the ground ; hence, very little old wood is retained. One serious 



