CULTURAL METHODS FOR THE GRAPE IN NEW YORK 1291 



under adverse conditions, such as lack of tillage and spraying, 

 than do others. This statement, however, should not he inter- 

 preted to permit of the neglect of the vineyard, for tillage, 

 spraying, and fertilizing will give returns proportionate to 

 thoroughness.* 



TILTH AND TILLAGE 



Frequent and thorough tillage is essential for the vineyard. 

 The first spring operation is the plowing under of cover crops 

 with the single-horse and gang plow. This can be done as soon 



FIG. 432. HORSE-HOEING AWAY FROM THE VINES 



as weather and soil conditions will permit. A single furrow is 

 plowed up to or away from the vines on either side of the row; 

 this operation is followed by the use of the gang plow and, if the 

 cover crop is particularly heavy, with the disk harrow. The 

 three-gang plow will cover an eight-and-one-half-foot row in one 

 bout. If no cover crop was sown, the disk may replace the plow. 

 Subsequent cultivation is done with the grape hoe, hand hoe, 



* For grafting of grapevines see Part I, page 965. 



