16 



GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 



taken up by the roots witli the mattock, and the land 

 is plowed with a "new ground plow," or jumping 

 shovel, before the crop is planted. In either case it is 

 ultimately necessary to dig out the remaining stumps 

 and any large stones before the land can be fitted for 

 cheap cultivation with improved modern machinery. 

 Stump-pulling machines of various kinds are often 



A Stump Puller. 



employed in this work, and the larger stumps are 

 frequently split in pieces by dynamite. In most 

 cases it would probably be cheaper in the long run 

 to do all this work in the first place and completely 

 clear the land of all obstructions before beginning to 

 plant it. This, however, entails so heavy an initial 

 expense that it is seldom attempted. 



Plowing. — The endless number of plows on the 



