PROPAGATION OF PLANTS WITHOUT SEEDS 39 



work is often done in June with scions held dormant in the 

 cellar; or it may be done in August with scions of the current 

 year's growth. Top-working is accompHshed by one of three 

 methods : budding, or tongue-grafting, or cleft-grafting. The 

 first two methods have been described. Cleft-grafting is 

 now less commonly used. (For a description of this method 

 reference is made to U. S. Farmers' Bulletins 157 and 408.) 



Tip=layering. — This is the most common way of propa- 

 gating black raspberries. The soil is cultivated at both sides 

 of the raspberry row, and in late July or August the tips of 

 the long canes, or stemS; are bent to the ground and slightly 

 covered with soil (Fig. 20a). They will send down roots and 



Fig. 20c. — Tip-layering. The young plants have taken root. 



Fig. 206. — Vine-layering. The young plants are ready to be cut apart. 



develop new plants. The canes are cut loose from the young 

 plants, which may then be transplanted to a new garden. 



Vine=layering. — ^Several kinds of vines, including certain 

 varieties of grapes, are propagated by layering (Fig. 206). 

 A shallow furrow is made and a vine is laid in it and parts 

 of it covered with soil with other parts exposed to the light. 

 Shoots will start up and roots will be formed. The new 

 plants may be cut apart with a spade; they are then ready 

 to transplant to desired places. 



Mound=layering. — This is used for the propagation of 

 gooseberries, quinces, and many ornamental shrubs. The 

 earth is mounded up around the lower branches, which will 

 then send new roots into the soil (Fig. 21). The following 



