' CATTLE 261 



as in the true dairy breeds, nor so blocky and heavy as in 

 the beef type. A few of them are heavy and incline a Httle 

 toward the production of beef rather than milk, and others 

 are heavier milkers and have more of the dairy conformation; 

 for example, the Devons and also the Red Polled breeds 

 have both types. Dual-purpose breeds are quite popular 

 with general farmers because they are fair milkers and the 

 male calves are heavy enough to be sold for veal. Special 

 farmers do not use the dual-purpose breeds very much. 

 They want the best beef breeds if their special line is beef 

 production; or special dairy breeds are kept for the pro- 

 duction of milk, cream, and butter. 



The leading dual-purpose breeds in America are: Devon, 

 Red Polled, Brown Swiss, the Bates family of Shorthorns, 

 and usually the Polled Durhams. 



Devon Cattle. — These originated in England centuries 

 ago, and were brought to America in Colonial times. They 

 are red with an occasional marking of white on the udder. 

 The horns of the cow are long and slender and curved upward. 

 As suggested above they are of two types. The plump, trim 

 animals are better for beef, although smaller than those of 

 the dairy type. Those of the beef type fatten fairly well and 

 the meat is of good quality. As milk producers, Devon cows 

 rank very well, the milk being nearly as rich as Jersey milk. 

 These cattle are usually much smaller than Shorthorns. 



Red Polled— Thi^ (Fig. 166) is another English breed 

 of red cattle. They are always polled, are larger than the 

 Devons, and often have some white markings on the under 

 parts. Sohd red is most common. This is probably the best 

 of the strictly dual-purpose breeds; the cows when dry will 

 fatten easily, and the steers are good beef animals. The 

 males will weigh from 1800 to 2200 pounds when mature 

 and fat. The cows give a good flow of rich milk, but have 

 very large teats and badly shaped udders. The two types 

 of cattle found in this breed make it difficult for breeders to 



