144 AGRICULTURE FOR COMMON SCHOOLS 



bud. Budding is usually done during the growing season, 

 either summer or fall, but it is sometimes done in the spring. 

 It is always done on young trees. The next spring after 

 budding, the part of the stock above the bud is cut away. 



In scion-grafting a scion, or twig, containing one or more 

 buds is fastened to the stock in such a way that the green- 

 colored tissue under the bark of each comes in contact on 

 at least one side. The scions are cut from the previous 

 season's growth in the fall or winter, or even in the spring 

 before growth starts. These scions are kept in sand or moss 

 in a cool place until wanted. When the stock used is a root, 

 the process is called r.oot-grafting; when the graft is made 

 just at the surface of the ground it is called crown-grafting; 

 when on the trunk just below the limbs, stem-grafting; and 

 when on the branches, top-grafting. 



There are two principal ways of grafting with scions : whip- 

 grafting and cleft-grafting. In the first the stock and the scion 

 are each cut to a long one-sided wedge shape. A tongue is 

 cut in each wedge by splitting slightly with the knife. The 

 two cut surfaces are brought together and the tongues slipped 

 into each other. The green wood of the two must come 

 together on at least one side. The scion and the graft are 

 now wrapped tightly with waxed cord. This method is used 

 almost entirely in root and crown-grafting and also in stem- 

 grafting when the stem is small. Sometimes the scion and 

 the stock are cut in the wedge shape and brought together 

 without cutting the tongues. Such a connection is called a 

 splice-graft. If the whip or splice-graft stands outside the 

 ground, it must be covered with wax. (See cleft-grafting.) 



The second method, or cleft-grafting, is used with large 

 stems and branches. The stem or branch is sawed off 



