CATTLE 229 



they were largely bred. Still older names were Teeswater and 

 Holderness. The Shorthorn was one of the first breeds to be 

 improved. Such noted men as the Colling brothers, Thomas 

 Bates, Thomas Booth, and Amos Cruickshank were leaders in 

 this improvement. Some of their best animals were founders 

 of noted Shorthorn families, such as Princess, Duchess, Wild 

 Eyes, Cherry Blossom, Violet, and Secret. The various fami- 

 lies produced by Thomas Bates were all heavy milk producers. 

 The Shorthorn is equalled in weight only by the Hereford. 

 Cows weigh about 1,600 pounds and bulls about 2,000 

 pounds and more. The color is red, white, combinations of 

 red and white, and roan, never any black. Red and roan 

 seem to be equally popular colors. The Shorthorn is nearly 

 always gentle and easily managed. 



A breed of Polled Durham cattle has been developed rather 

 recently in America. They do not differ from the standard 

 Shorthorn except in being hornless. However, there are two 

 classes: 1. The "single standard which was produced by 

 breeding native muley cows to pure-bred Shorthorn bulls. 

 Animals of this kind of ancestry can be registered only in the 

 Polled Durham herd book, hence the term "single standard." 

 2. The "double standard" came from carefully breeding 

 Shorthorns with no horns. Animals of such pure descent can 

 be registered in both the American Shorthorn herd book and 

 the Polled Durham herd book. It should be understood that 

 a herd book is the same for cattle as the stud book is for 

 horses. 



2. Hereford. — This breed originated in Herefordshire, 

 England, and is said to be one of the oldest breeds in Eng- 

 land. Because of their white faces they are sometimes called 

 White Faces^ The Hereford is shorter-legged than the Short- 



