RAISING OK KEEPING UP THE FOKEST 53 



we might leave about a hundred thirty-year-old trees of 

 the larger size. 



In an oak and chestnut coppice it is well to use largely 

 these two kinds for standards, since in this way they will 

 seed the ground and thus furnish new stumps. Generally 

 it is better to use trees which have started from seed or 

 have been planted to fill out gaps or fail places ; but good 

 trees from young stumps answer very well. Among the 

 broad-leaved kinds chestnut, oak, elm, ash, hickory, and 

 walnut make good standards ; but beech and maple make 

 too dense a shade. 



THE ORDINARY TIMBER FOREST 



In southern Michigan we see many tracts of the ordi- 

 nary broadleaf forest, such as formerly covered Indiana, 

 Ohio, and a large portion of our eastern states. The 

 climate of southern Michigan is temperate, even mild; 

 the grapevine and peach tree thrive ; the soil is largely 

 drift material, earth and stone believed to have been 

 carried by ancient glaciers ; while fertile, it is sometimes 

 very stony, being generally strewn with bowlders. The 

 forest is composed of oaks, both red oaks and white 

 oaks, elm, ash, hickory, basswood, beech, and other 

 broad-leaved kinds (hardwoods) in irregular mixture, with 

 the oaks usually predominant. Most of the trees seem 

 to be large, old veterans. 



