190 FIRST BOOK OF FORESTRY 



most places to grow a good walnut or a good hickory as 

 it is to grow pignut, elm, or ash ; and in warmer districts 

 a grove of fine-grade chestnuts or select pecans may often 

 bring in considerable money by the fruit alone. 



In suitable localities a part of the forest may well be 

 managed as coppice, and this same method is a very good 

 means of starting a new forest on old, worn-out plowland 

 and on pasture, for it is very easy to pass from a coppice 

 to a standard coppice, and from this to regular selection 

 woods. 



The use of the wood lot as pasture land is ordinarily a 

 mistake ; for if the forest is well stocked with trees, the 

 grasses have no chance, and there is nothing for the cattle, 

 sheep, etc., to do but to browse and gnaw bark. In a 

 small tract of hardwood forest the grazing will almost 

 always reduce the capacity of the woods to half and less, 

 so that only half as much wood is produced, and it is not 

 uncommon to see these over-pastured wood lots change 

 into mere " cripples," or stands of dwarfed and deformed 

 trees, which rarely grow into anything better than cheap 

 firewood. When the wood lot must be pastured, the 

 directions concerning pasturage mentioned before should 

 be followed. In using their woodland farmers accom- 

 plish much by a little organization and cooperation. In 

 some localities, where formerly the logs were rolled up 

 and burned, and the lumber used on the farm was bought 

 at the lumber yard ten or fifteen miles away, the farmers 



