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FIRST BOOK OF FORESTRY 



a. Spruces. Leaves stiff, mostly four-sided, and pointed ; 



the bark scales are never bright red; the wood is 

 white (Fig. 90, A). 



b. Hemlocks. Leaves are soft, flat, and short, usually 



two-ranked so that the sprig appears flat ; the bark 

 scales when broken off appear red ; the wood has 

 a reddish cast (Fig. 90, 



B 



FIG. 90. Conifers with Leaves not in Bundles 



A, spruce: leaves stiff and pointed, cones hang down; C, red fir: leaves soft, 

 cones hang down, bracts protrude like little tongues; Z>, hemlock: leaves 

 short and soft, cones small, bracts do not protrude ; B, balsam : cones erect, 

 fall apart after ripening, so that no old cones are found on or under the tree. 

 (A and D after Bureau of Forestry ; B and C after Beissner) 



