244 FIRST BOOK OF FORESTRY 



c. Red Fir. The leaves are flat, soft ; the cones are 



"feathered" by sharp-pointed bracts projecting 

 from between the cone-scales (Fig. 90, (7). 



2. The cones stand erect on the twig, and fall to pieces soon 

 after ripening, so that no full-sized cones are seen on 

 the trees nor under them except at the time when the 

 cones approach maturity. 



d. Balsams or White Firs. Leaves mostly soft, flat, and 



blunt; the bark mostly smooth; the crown dense 

 and sharp-pointed (Fig. 90, B). 



II. The cedars and their allies. 



The bark has a " stringy " appearance, so that all trees of this 

 group are conspicuous on this account. The leaves are needle- 

 shaped or mere scales ; the fruit is a small cone, and, in one group, 

 a berry. 



A. Leaves needle-shaped. 



a. Cypress. Leaves deciduous, the trees bare in winter ; 



the heartwood light brown (Fig. 91, A). 



b. Redwood. Leaves persistent, the heartwood red 



(Fig. 91, J?). 



B. Leaves scalelike, appressed. 



1. Fruit a persistent woody cone, which can be seen at all 



times of the year on or under the trees. 



a. White Cedars. Cone small, spherical ; heartwood light 



brown (Fig. 91, (7). 



b. Bigtree. Cones quite large ; heartwood red. 



c. Arbor Vitcrs and Incense Cedar. Cones elongated; 



heartwood brownish (Fig. 91, D). 



2. Fruit a berry, usually of a dark bluish color. 

 a. Red Cedars. Heartwood red. 



