APPENDIX III 265 



carpentry, as well as in all heavy construction, bridges, trestles, etc. 

 It is also used in almost every other wood industry : for spars, masts, 

 planks, and timbers in shipbuilding, in car and wagon construction, 

 in cooperage, for crates and boxes, in furniture work, for toys and 

 patterns, railway ties, water pipes, excelsior, etc. Pines are usually 

 large trees with few branches, the straight, cylindrical, useful stem 

 forming by far the greatest part of the tree ; they occur gregariously, 

 forming vast forests, a fact which greatly facilitates their exploitation. 

 Of the many special terms applied to pine as lumber, denoting some- 

 times differences in quality, the following deserve attention : 



"White pine," "pumpkin pine," "soft pine," in the eastern markets 

 refer to the wood of the white pine (Pinus strobus) ; on the 

 Pacific coast to that of the sugar pine (Pinus lambertiand), and in 

 the northern Rockies to the white pine (Pinus monticola). 

 " Yellow pine " is applied in the trade to all the southern lumber 

 pines ; in the Northeast it is also applied to the pitch pine (Pinus 

 rigidd) ; in the West it refers mostly to Pinus ponderosa. 

 " Yellow longleaf pine," " Georgia pine," chiefly used in advertise- 

 ment, refers to longleaf pine (Pinus palwtris). 



" Hard pine " is a common term in carpentry, and applies to every- 

 thing except white pine. 



" Pitch pine " includes all southern pines and also the true pitch pine 

 (Pinus rigid a), but is mostly applied, especially in foreign markets, 

 to the wood of the longleaf pine (Pinus palustris). 

 a. Soft pines. 



1. WHITE PINE (Pinus strobus) : Large- to very large-sized tree ; for 



the last fifty years the most important timber tree of the Union, 

 furnishing the best quality of soft pine. Minnesota, Wisconsin, 

 Michigan, New England, and along the Alleghenies to Georgia. 



2. SUGAR PINE (Pinus lambertiand} : A very large important lumber 



tree. Oregon and California. 



3. WHITE PINE (Pinus monticola) : A large tree, at home in Montana, 



Idaho, and the Pacific States. 



4. WHITE PINE (Pinus flexilis} : A small tree, scattered in the 



mountain forests of the eastern Rocky Mountain slopes, Mon- 

 tana to New Mexico. 



