272 FIRST BOOK OF FORESTRY 



CHESTNUT. 



1. CHESTNUT (Castanea dentata) : Wood light, moderately soft, stiff, 



not strong, of coarse texture ; the sapwood light, the heartwood 

 darker brown. It shrinks and checks considerably in drying, works 

 easily, stands well, and is very durable. Used in cabinetwork, 

 cooperage, for railway ties, telegraph poles, and locally in heavy 

 construction. Medium- to large-sized tree, very common in the 

 Alleghenies, occurs from Maine to Michigan and southward to 

 Alabama. 



2. CHINQUAPIN (Castanea pumila) : A small-sized tree, with wood 



slightly heavier but otherwise similar to the preceding; most 

 common in Arkansas, but with nearly the same range as the 

 chestnut. 



3. CHINQUAPIN (Castanopsis chrysophyllcf) : A medium-sized tree of the 



western ranges of California and Oregon. 



COFFEE TREE. 



COFFEE TREE (Gymnocladus dioica) (coffee nut) : Wood heavy, hard, 

 strong, very stiff, of coarse texture, durable ; the sapwood yellow, 

 the heartwood reddish brown ; shrinks and checks considerably in 

 drying; works and stands well and takes a good polish. It is 

 used to a limited extent in cabinetwork. A medium- to large- 

 sized tree ; not common. Pennsylvania to Minnesota and Arkansas. 



COTTONWOOD. (See POPLAR.) 



CUCUMBER TREE. (See TULIP.) 



ELM. Wood heavy, hard, strong, very tough; moderately durable in 

 contact with the soil ; commonly crossgrained, difficult to split and 

 shape, warps and checks considerably in drying, but stands well if 

 properly handled. The broad sapwood whitish, heart brown, both 

 with shades of gray and red ; on split surface rough ; texture coarse 

 to fine; capable of high polish. Used in the construction of cars, 

 wagons, etc., in boat and ship building, for agricultural implements and 

 machinery; in rough cooperage, saddlery and harness work, but par- 

 ticularly in the manufacture of all kinds of furniture, where the 

 beautiful figures, especially those of the tangential or bastard section, 

 are just beginning to be duly appreciated. The elms are medium- to 



