274 FIRST BOOK OF FORESTRY 



commonly crossgrained, of fine texture ; the broad sapwood whitish, 

 the heart wood reddish brown ; the wood shrinks and warps con- 

 siderably, but does not check badly, stands well when fully seasoned, 

 and takes good polish. Used in carpentry, in the manufacture of 

 furniture, for cut veneer, for wooden plates, plaques, baskets, etc., 

 also for wagon hubs, hat blocks, etc. A large-sized tree, very 

 abundant, often the principal tree in the swampy parts of the 

 bottoms of the lower Mississippi valley; occurs from New York 

 to Texas and from Indiana to Florida. 



HACKBERRY. 



HACKBERRY (Celtis occidentalism (sugar berry) : The handsome wood 

 heavy, hard, strong, quite tough, of moderately fine texture, and 

 greenish or yellowish white color ; shrinks moderately, works well, 

 and takes a good polish. So far but little used in the manufacture 

 of furniture. Medium- to large-sized tree, locally quite common, 

 largest in the lower Mississippi valley. Occurs in nearly all parts 

 of the eastern United States. 



HICKORY. Wood very heavy, hard, and strong, proverbially tough, of 

 rather coarse texture, smooth and of straight grain. The broad sap- 

 wood white, the heart reddish nut-brown. It dries slowly, shrinks and 

 checks considerably ; is not durable in the ground or if exposed, and, 

 especially the sapwood, is always subject to the inroads of boring insects. 

 Hickory excels as carriage and wagon stock, but is also extensively used 

 in the manufacture of implements and machinery, for tool handles, 

 timber pins, for harness work, and cooperage. The hickories are tall 

 trees with slender stems, never form forests, occasionally small groves, 

 but usually occur scattered among other broad-leaved trees in suitable 

 localities. The following species all contribute more or less to the 

 hickory of the markets : 



1. SHAGBARK HICKORY (Hicoria ovata) (shellbark hickory) : A medium- 



to large-sized tree, quite common ; the favorite among hickories. 

 Best developed in the Ohio and Mississippi basins; from Lake 

 Ontario to Texas and west to Minnesota. 



2. MOCKER NUT HICKORY (Hicoria alba) (black hickory, bull and black 



nut, big bud, and white-heart hickory) : A medium- to large-sized 



