APPENDIX III 279 



Gulf States, eastward to Delaware, and northward to Missouri 

 and Kentucky. 



18. LIVE OAK (Quercus virginiana): Short- but heavy-bodied tree, scat- 



tered along the coast from Virginia to Texas. 



19. LIVE OAK (Quercus chrysolepis) (maul oak, Valparaiso oak) : Medium- 



sized tree. California. 



OSAGE ORANGE. 



OSAGE ORANGE (Toxylon pomiferuni) (bois d'arc) : Wood very heavy, 

 exceedingly hard, strong, not tough, of moderately coarse texture, 

 and very durable ; sapwood yellow, heart brown on the end, yellow 

 on longitudinal faces, soon turning grayish brown if exposed ; it 

 shrinks considerably in drying, but once dry it stands unusually 

 well. Formerly much used for wheel stock in the dry regions of 

 Texas ; otherwise employed for posts, railway ties, etc. Seems too 

 little appreciated ; it is well suited for turned ware and especially 

 for wood carving. A small-sized tree, of fairly rapid growth. 

 Scattered through the rich bottoms of Arkansas and Texas. 



PERSIMMON. 



PERSIMMON (Diospyros virginiana) : Wood very heavy and hard, strong 

 and tough ; resembles hickory, but is of finer texture ; the broad 

 sapwood cream color, the heart black. Used in turnery for shut- 

 tles, plane stocks, shoe lasts, etc. Small-sized tree. Common 

 and best developed in the lower Ohio valley, but occurs from New 

 York to Texas and Missouri. 



POPLAR and COTTONWOOD (see also TULIP WOOD). Wood light, very 

 soft, not strong, of fine texture and whitish, grayish to yellowish color, 

 usually with a satiny luster. The wood shrinks moderately (some 

 crossgrained forms warp excessively), but checks little ; is easily worked, 

 but is not durable. Used as building and furniture lumber, in cooper- 

 age for sugar and flour barrels, for crates and boxes (especially cracker 

 boxes), for wooden ware and paper pulp. 



1. COTTONWOOD (Populus deltoides) : Large-sized tree ; forms consider- 

 able forests along many of the western streams, and furnishes most 

 of the cottonwood of the market. New England to the Rocky 

 Mountains; most abundant in the Mississippi valley. 



