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both Brandt's and Farallon Cormorants diving and swimming 

 among the kelp and mussel-covered rocks. The wings were 

 held "stiffly from the sides of the body," about two-thirds 

 open. No apparent movement of the wings was noted. The 

 feet were working fast. Mr. Ira N. Gabrielson writes from 

 Portland, Oregon, that in August, 1921, at Netarts Bay, a 

 Farallon Cormorant was observed to use its wings, which were 

 merely lifted slightly while the feet were driving the bird. The 

 Cormorant passed under his boat. 



Mr. Alfred Cookman, San Diego, California, reports seeing, 

 in the summer of 1917, near the Los Coronados Islands, Mexico, 

 Brandt's Cormorants diving, using their wings as seals use their 

 flappers. 



Mr. Cookman's description follows: 



The Brandt's cormorants (about twelve) were feeding near rocks on 

 the leeward side of South Island. Four birds were on the sea, the rest 

 were on the ledges. The tide was low. The sea was very calm. We were 

 on the rocks at tidewater level. The depth of the water there near shore 

 varies from 6 to 25 feet. There was no beach, only ragged rocks. A 

 male in nuptial plumage came toward the rocks. Sardines were plentiful 

 and a school of them had entered the cove. He used his wings with 

 broad expanse and forward and backward strokes. The feet were not 

 used in locomotion beneath the surface except as he rose to the surface. 

 Then I was able to get a quick glance, and I am certain that he used his 

 feet in rising, assisted by rapid downward strokes of the wings. 



On July 2, 1917, off North Island, one of the Coronados group, a female 

 Farallon Cormorant rose to the surface 7 feet away, with her pouch 

 filled. The water was clear, the sky gray, the sea calm. In rising she 

 struck down with her feet and moved the wings with each stroke of the 

 feet, the feet not striking together, but alternating. 



Mr. Cookman also remarks that he has been able to watch 

 these Cormorants diving to a depth of about 15 feet. 



Dr. B. H. Warren, West Chester, Pennsylvania, writes that 

 a wing-tipped Cormorant that he pursued used its wings under 

 water in its efforts to escape. 



Mr. J. H. Fleming, Toronto, Ontario, reports a Common 

 Cormorant, in a tank at the London Zoological Gardens, as 

 using its wings under water. He has seen the same species 

 wild in the Scilly Islands under such conditions that he made 

 certain that the wings were used. From memory he says that 



