29 



only the fore part of the wing was used in quick strokes, while 

 the feet were used for steering as well as for propulsion. 



Dr. A. K. Fisher of the Biological Survey writes that on 

 several occasions, while standing high above the water, he has 

 seen cormorants flying under water; the wings were fairly well 

 spread, but he could not see the feet. 



Mr. G. Dallas Hanna, San Francisco, California, writes that, 

 in the years between 1913 and 1920, he has observed Red- 

 faced Cormorants about the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, using 

 their wings. He watched them many times from sail boats and 

 motor boats. The wings were never more than half spread, 

 and the strokes were made at about the same 

 rate as in flight through the air. The speed was 

 not estimated to exceed ten miles an hour under 

 water. This estimate was based on the speed 

 of the boats. These birds appeared always to 

 use their wings in diving. 



Mr. Morton R. Cheeseman, Rivera, Cali- Diving position of 

 fornia, says that cormorants use their wings ^et^edby M O " 

 when diving for fish. When fishing from the ton R. cheese- 

 long pier at Santa Monica he had an excellent 

 chance to watch these birds, as there were usually several swim- 

 ming about. The wings were spread as in the sketch, and were 

 used with quick energetic strokes. He could not see the feet. 



UNDER- WATER MOVEMENTS OF THE WATER-TURKEY. 



It has been difficult to learn much about the movements of 

 the Anhinga, or Water-Turkey, under water, because (1) we 

 have comparatively few southern correspondents, and (2) 

 usually the waters in which the Anhinga is seen are not clear. 

 Audubon, who spent much time in swamps where this bird 

 breeds, asserts that it does not use its wings for propulsion 

 under water, but keeps them partly extended. 1 



Mr. Lee S. Crandall says of Water-Turkeys, observed in a 

 glass tank, that as far as can be seen, the wings are not used 

 beneath the surface but hang loosely, and Dr. Thomas Bar- 

 bour, Cambridge, Massachusetts, states that he has seen Water- 

 Turkeys in a large glass aquarium, but that they did not use 



i Audubon, John J.: Ornithological Biography, VoL IV, 1838, p. 143. 



