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half spread and used with quick strokes. The feet also were 

 used, both feet striking together, apparently alternating with 

 the wings. When the bird used its wings it swam faster than 

 when using the feet alone. Rev. Charles J. Young reports that 

 in May and June, 1920, at the head of Brighton Bay, Lake 

 Ontario, where Horned Grebes breed commonly, he saw them 

 swimming under water with the wings partially spread and 

 moved with slow strokes. The feet apparently were not used, 

 except possibly as a rudder, as they were extended straight out 

 behind. 



Mr. Waldo L. McAtee, the well-known economic ornitholo- 

 gist of the Biological Survey, notes that in 1903 he saw a Pied- 

 billed Grebe swimming with wings spread at least at right angles 

 to the body and " stroked rapidly." He believed that the feet 

 also were used. 



There is more evidence regarding the subsurface movements 

 of the Pied-billed Grebe than of any other, as this is the most 

 generally common and widely distributed grebe breeding in 

 the United States. Dr. Walter H. Scudder, Litchfield, Ohio, 

 reporting on an unwounded Pied-billed Grebe that he kept in a 

 tank, says that in swimming under water it raised the wings 

 and held them along the sides of the body, so that they acted 

 like the blades of a turbine, the water passing under them at 

 the shoulder and gliding along their under sides and out behind 

 with a swirl. The feet also were used, and the quick strokes 

 alternated almost faster than the eye could follow. The bird 

 used the wings and feet in this way all the time, so far as he 

 could determine, and swam with great speed. Mr. H. E. 

 Tuttle, Groton, Massachusetts, speaks of pursuing at Huron 

 Mountain, Michigan, a Pied-billed Grebe which passed under 

 his canoe. He attempted to catch the bird in a landing-net. 

 It was using its wings. He could not tell whether the feet were 

 used or not. The speed of the bird was undoubtedly acceler- 

 ated by the fact that it was pursued. 



Mr. George M. Sutton of the Carnegie Museum at Pitts- 

 burgh says that young Pied-billed Grebes in a small pond near 

 Winnebago City, Minnesota, used their wings constantly. As 

 he remembers it, the wings were not fully spread most of the 

 time, but only when occasion demanded. Both wings and feet 



