248 A NATURALIST IN HIMALAYA 



and buds. It loves the nectar of flowers, especially 

 that of the rhododendron. Indeed, it is a strange 

 contrast to see the black face of the langur with its 

 white encircling fringe holding in its mouth a bunch of 

 crimson rhododendron. It appears to be less quarrel- 

 some than the Simla, though in winter, when the 

 langur is driven down to lower altitudes, pitched 

 battles are said to occur between the two species. 



The leopard, Felis pardus, was distinctly uncommon 

 in the district. I once kept a cub of this species, 

 which was captured on the hillside, and took some 

 little trouble in noting the changes in its actions and 

 expressions under the influence of different emotions. 

 I will attempt to indicate these various changes, 

 which may seem more evident with the help of the 

 illustrations. 1 



(i) CONTENTMENT 



In the contented and restful state when, after a 

 satisfying meal, the animal lies partly curled upon 

 the ground and the body and mind are calm and 

 quiet, or when the mental faculties are in complete 

 abeyance during sleep, there is no rigidity of the 

 trunk or limbs, no twitching of muscles or changes 

 in facial expression ; the whole animal is limp and 

 supple, its voluntary musculature is in a condition of 

 physiological rest in complete unison with the calm 



1 My observations on the emotional expression of the leopard and my 

 notes on the flying-squirrel have previously appeared in the Journal of 

 the Bombay Natural History Society. My photographs of these two 

 animals and also that of the Indian robin and the nest of the paradise 

 fly-catcher have likewise been published in the same journal. I am 

 indebted to the Honorary Secretary of that society for his kind permission 

 to reproduce them here. 



