234 KNOT. 



In the plumage of incubation we see the reddish- 

 orange' predominating; all the face, crown, and un- 

 der parts, from the chin downwards, are of that tint, 

 on the cheeks slightly spotted with brownish-black, 

 and on the crown and occiput having the feathers 

 broadly marked in the centre with the same colour. 

 The centre of the back, scapulars, and long ter- 

 tials, are deep blackish-brown, on the first having 

 the feathers broadly margined with buff-orange, 

 on the latter having them irregularly blotched, and 

 cut into with yellowish-white. The quills are clove- 

 brown, paler on the inner webs, and having the 

 shafts broad and white ; the tail is dark broccoli- 

 brown, tinted with rufous. In the adult full win- 

 ter dress, the plumage above is broccoli-brown, on 

 the crown and back of the neck with the centre 

 of the feathers darker, on the back having the 

 shafts only dark ; the under parts of the bird are 

 pure white, having the feathers on the cheeks and 

 neck dark in the centres ; on the breast these are 

 broader, and on the flanks they are distributed in 

 irregular waves; the rump and upper tail-coverts 

 are white, barred with clove-brown ; the tail is 

 nearly of the same tint with the upper plumage, 

 the outer feathers paler in shade, all narrowly edged 

 with, and having the shafts yellowish-white. In 

 the young in their first dress, the upper parts are 

 broccoli-brown, but the feathers on the back and 

 wings are edged with yellowish- white, succeeded by 

 a band of clove-brown, and having the shafts dark, 

 the whole, as it were, tinted over with buff-orange ; 



