KNOWLEDGE OF COUNTRY, 55 



The amount of this departure grows greater as one recedes from the equator, 

 but is still always in proportion to the declination. Thus in latitude 60° N. or 

 S. it is more than double the decHnation. 



For the tropics, however, the departure is so nearly the amount of the 

 declination that for all practical purposes the amount of the latter may be taken. 

 In latitude 10°, when the declination is at its greatest, viz. 23^°, the sun rises 24° 

 from east. 



At the same time, in latitude 20° and 30° it rises 25° and 27° from east 

 respectively. 



From the above we get the position and bearing of the sun rising, setting, and at 

 midday, and from this it will be easy enough to judge its position at other times. 



Example. — In lat. 10° N. you wish to know the positions of the sun at different 

 hours during the day on June ist. 



Referring to the table of declinations you see that on June ist it is 22° N. 

 Therefore the sun at noon will be further north than your latitude, so your shadow 

 will then point S. 



It will rise 22° N. of east or E.N.E. and set N.W.W., so your shadow will 

 point S.W.W. at sunrise and E.S.E. at sunset. 



If sunrise is at 6 o'clock we have shadows and pointing : — 6 a.m., S.W.W. 

 8 a.m., S.W. loa.m. S.S.W. 12 noon, S. 2p.m.,S.S.E. 4p.m., S.E. 6 p.m., E.S.E. 



Thus, if you know the declination and your latitude, you can easily work out 

 the position of the sun or bearing of your shadow for any time of day. 



In practice, however, you do not trouble to work out the smaller angles, but 

 with experience learn the swing of your shadow and how much to bear away from 

 it or towards it as the day advances. The sun is not your only guide, as you 

 have wind, landmarks, and the signs of the prevailing winds to correct yourself by. 



Whenever an opportunity occurs you can select landmarks ahead on which 

 to march, looking carefully at your signs and shadows while choosing them. 



Whenever there is a view backwards one should take note of the appearance of 

 the country passed through. Try to recognise camp, or any place passed on the 

 march, and note landmarks and general direction, so as to be able to return. 



A hunter should always have the position of the wind very clearly in mind, both 

 to direct himself by, or, in case he should come suddenly on game, so as to know at 

 once without hesitation in which way to go. 



Now for night marching. 



The heavens revolve on two fixed points called the North and South Poles of 

 the heavens. 



