CH. XLYIII.] REMOVAL 6tf CfiREBRtM 679 



A pigeon treated in the same way remains perfectly motionless 

 and unconscious unless it is disturbed (see fig. 492). When disturbed 

 in any way it will move ; for instance, when thrown into the air it 

 will fly ; but these movements are, as in the frog, purely reflex in 

 character. 



In mammals the operation of extirpation of the brain is attended 

 with such severe haemorrhage that the animal dies very rapidly, but 



FIG. 492. Pigeon after removal of the hemispheres. (Dalton.) 



in some few cases where the animals have been kept alive, the 

 phenomena they exhibit are precisely similar to those shown by a 

 frog or pigeon. In the case of the dog, portions of the cortex have 

 been removed piecemeal by Goltz of Strasburg, until at last the whole 

 of the cortex has been extirpated. Such animals carry out co- 

 ordinated movements of a complicated character very well, but they 

 manifest no intelligence, and have complete lack of memory. They 

 are in a condition analogous to that of the frogs and pigeons just 

 mentioned. 



Localisation of Cerebral Functions. 



When the main function of the cerebrum was understood, physio- 

 logists were divided into two schools ; those who thought that the 

 brain acted as a whole, and those who thought that different parts 

 of the brain had different functions to perform. One of the most 

 prominent of the first school was Flourens; and Goltz, whose 

 work has been done chiefly on dogs, is the only eminent living 

 survivor of this set of physiologists. Gradually, as better methods 

 have come in, and especially since monkeys have been used for 

 experiment, those who believe in the localisation of function have 

 multiplied ; and now, localisation of cerebral function is more than 



