116 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS 



verging ; petioles alxmt an inch in length, with 2 filiform stipuks at base. Flowers 

 often tinged with red. Drupes purplish-black, when mature. 

 Hob. Moist woodlands: very common. Fl. May. Fr. Sept. 



Obs. The slender stems of this shrub, when the pith is removed, 

 afford good fuse-sticks, for blasting rocks ; and are much used for 

 that purpose. A species of this genus, commonly cultivated as an 

 ornamental shrub, is the Guelder-Eose, or "Snow-ball" ( F. Opulus, 

 .), _ which the Poet COWPER so beautifully describes, as throwing 



up its 



- " silver globes, light as the foamy surf, 

 That the wind severs from the broken wave." 



ORDER XLVIII. RUBIACEAE. 



Herbs, or shrubs; leaves opposite, entire, connected by interposed stipule* ; or ver- 

 ticillate without apparent stipules;* calyx-tube mostly adherent to the ovary; 

 corolla regular, 3- 4- or 5-lobed; stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, and inserted 

 on its tube; styles mostly 2; fruit various; seeds with copious hard albumen. 



This Order contains a number of important plants. Among the most interest- 

 ing, may be mentioned the Coffee plant (C<;ffea Jralica, L.) the Peruvian Baric 

 tree (Cinchona officinalis, X.) the IpecacuanJia (C.phadis Ipecacuanha, Rich.) and 

 the Madder (Eubia Tinctorum, L.). The popular vermifuge, called Carolina Pink 

 (Spigelia Marilandica, L.~) and the well-known beautiful and fragrant Cape Jessa- 

 mine (Gardenia florida, L.~) are also referred to this comprehensive and somewhat 

 anomalous Family. 



SUBORDER I. STELLA V TAE. 



Leaves verticillate, without apparent stipules ; calyx-tube entirely adherent to the 

 ovary ; corolla-lobes valvate in the bud. Plants mostly herbaceous. 



178. GA V ]LI1TM, L. 



[Gr. Gala, milk ; which some species were used to curdle.] 

 Calyx-teeth obsolete. Corolla 4- (rarely 3-) parted, rotate. Fruit 

 smooth, or uncinately hispid, roundish, dry or slightly fleshy, com- 

 posed of twin 1-seeded indehiscent carpels. Slender herbs : stems 

 square, often retrorsely aculeate ; jloicers small, cymose. 



1. ANNUAL: Verticils about 8-leaved; peduncles axillary, few-flowered. 



1. G. Aparlne, L. Stem procumbent, aculeate ; leaves oblanceolate ; 

 flowers white; fruit rather large, uncinately hispid. 



Common Cleavers. Goose-grass. Robin-run-the-Hedge. 



Stem 4 to 6 feet long; branches short. Leaves about an inch and half long, ses- 

 sile, tapering to the base, in rather distant verticils of 6 or 8. Flowers mostly on 

 axillary elongated peduncles. 



Hob. Fence-rows, and shaded places. Nat. of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. July. 

 2. PEREXXIAL: f Verticils mostly &-leaved ; flowers white. 



2. Cr. asprellUMl, MX. Stem clambering, aculeate, usually 

 much branched and tangled ; leaves oval-lanceolate ; flowers very 

 numerous and small ; fruit usually smooth. 



* That is, the " interposed stipules," in this case, are regarded, by some, as being 

 developed to the size, and in the/wwi, of the true leaves, -and thus forming a ver- 

 ticil. Prof. LINDLEY, however, does not concur with this view; but considers all 

 the members of the verticils as genuine, leaves. 



