144 BUDS AND STIPULES 



amined towards the end of April, when the inner 

 scales had commenced to push out at the apex. 



The leaves are covered, especially on the under side, 

 with white felt. Whatever may be the position of the 

 branchlet, they stand quite upright, with the under 

 sides outwards (PL II. fig. 5), so that they form a 

 succession of intensely white pillars. 



PROTECTION BY CONNATE STIPULES 

 ELM (Ulmus) 



The buds of the common Elm (JJlmus campestris) 

 (figs. 247-260), like those of preceding species, are 

 covered and protected by scales, but there is an impor- 

 tant difference. Each scale in the Beech or Oak 

 represents a stipule. In the Elm each scale represents 

 a pair of stipules. This is shown by the position and 

 arrangement of the scales. The leaves are in two ranks, 

 as in the Beech. Hence, as there are two stipules to 

 each leaf, it follows that if each scale corresponded to a 

 stipule they must be in four ranks, as, in fact, they 

 are in the Beech (fig. 199). Those of the Elm, however 

 (fig. 247), are in two rows, showing that each consists 

 of two connate stipules. 



This is further suggested by the fact that they are 

 very often bifid at the summit, as is also shown in 

 (fig. 256) a further indication of their double origin. 

 The young leaf, moreover, is situated, not between two 



