206 BUDS AND STIPULES 



I now pass to the second view, that of those botan- 

 ists as, for instance, Lindley (35), Agardh (36), and 

 Clos (37) who have regarded stipules as autonomous 

 organs, analogous to and independent of the leaf. 

 Steinheil (4) maintained that each lobe was virtually a 

 leaflet, and even a leaf. Turpin's opinion was that ' Les 

 stipules caulinaires sont des feuilles distinctes, reduites 

 a 1'etat rudimeiitaire ' (39). In support of this view 

 it has been urged that some plants have stipules but no 

 leaves, and that in others the stipules appear early, 

 often, indeed, it has been said, before the appearance of 

 the leaf. This, however, is not strictly correct. No 

 doubt they do often appear before the commencement 

 of the leaf-blade, or of leaflets. In pinnate leaves the 

 stipules are in some cases formed before the first 

 leaflets. The rudiment of the leaf-stalk, however, 

 as a rule appears before the stipule. 



Another strong reason for regarding the stipule as 

 a part of the leaf is the fact that the woody fibres 

 which supply the stipules are, as a rule, if not always, 

 derived from the foliar bundles. It has, indeed, been 

 supposed that the Rubiacece and Violacece form an 

 exception; but Colomb has shown that this is a 

 mistake (19). Take, for instance, the case of the Pansy 

 (Viola tricolor). The stipules (fig. 317, 8) are large, more 

 or less deeply laciniate at the sides. The central 

 woody tissue of the stem (T B, fig. 318) sends out three 

 fibres, Zr, L and If, which pass into the leaf-stalk. The 



