224 BUDS AND STIPULES 



5. In others by the leaf-base, as in the Rose, Portugal 

 Laurel, &c. ; 



6. In others, again, by stipules, as in the Beech, 

 Oak, Elm, Poplar, &c. ; 



7. In others by pairs of stipules, as in the Elm, 

 Spanish Chestnut, &c. ; 



8. Or by two connate stipules, not, however, belong- 

 ing to the same leaf, as in the Hop. 



In many species the protection thus afforded is 

 further enhanced (1) by the presence of a gummy or 

 resinous secretion, as in the Horse Chestnut, Plane, 

 Alder, Conifers ; or (2) by furry hairs, as in the Plane, 

 Horse Chestnut, Vine. 



STIPULES 



Stipules are normally more or less leaf-like structures 

 at the base of, or just below, and one on each side of, the 

 leaf-stalk. They are very variable in size and appear- 

 ance. 



A typical leaf may either be considered to consist of 

 four parts : 



1. The leaf base. 



2. A pair of stipules. 



3. The leaf-stalk or petiole. 



4. The leaf-blade, which for shortness is often called 

 the leaf. 



Or, and perhaps more philosophically, of two parts : 

 1. A leaf-base, which may or may not develop 

 stipules. 



