424 APPENDIX 



which have been atrophied or specialised, as the case may 

 be, in one direction or another ; that in this way the classes 

 have been differentiated, and at the same time alterations of 

 the organs of nutrition and of mental life have been pro- 

 duced. We can, in fact, describe the different members of 

 the bee-community as organs of the state, and a wide outlook 

 is opened for us when we devote even a brief consideration 

 to the mental life of this animal society in relation to the 

 question of the existence of real individuals in organic nature. 



We know that mere " intelligence " alone is ascribed to 

 animals as distinguished from man ; it is not admitted that 

 they are also possessed of " reason," and it is remarkable that 

 this distinction is upheld to the present day even by 

 zoologists. But it is my belief that no perfectly definite 

 distinction between intelligence and reason is possible. We 

 distinguish, to put it briefly, intelligence from reason essentially 

 only by this, that the latter takes account not only of the imme- 

 diate requirements of the single creature, but considers also 

 indirectly, deductively, everything which affects that creature ; 

 that reason does not merely live from hand to mouth, looking 

 only to immediate needs, but considers future needs depend- 

 ing on the time and also the society in which the individual 

 lives. Eeason will therefore always take account of the 

 future and of the community in which the individual lives, 

 because it must reflect that the good or ill of the community 

 is the good or ill of the individual. 



Now, when we regard the mental life of a bee community 

 from this point of view, we necessarily find that it shows 

 reason in a high degree. The animals act throughout 

 according to the requirements of a well- organised state in 

 various directions. They act in complete accordance with the 

 common interest of all the single members of the state, and 

 with the requirements of the future. It is true that it seems 

 to the observer as if this action was in many cases mechan- 



