1995 FOREST DISTURBANCE IN WASHINGTON 



Hemlock looper 

 outbreak collapses. 



Fire suppression 

 contributes to 

 overstocking, species 

 changes, and Increased 

 risk of disturbance. 

 Overstocked stands 

 experience bark 

 beetle outbreaks. 

 Loss of large, old 

 trees. 



Decrease in 

 Douglas-fir 

 beetle ^ 



damage. 



^ 



Western 



spruce 



budworm 



outbreak 



collapses In 



Okanogan. 



Pollution from Seattle 

 and Puget Sound area 

 has long-range effects on 

 lichens and forest 

 vegetation. 



New introductions of gypsy 

 moth In 1 995. White pine 

 blister rust affects whitebark 

 pine at high elevations. 



Drought 

 effects seen 

 from past 

 decade of 

 below-normal 

 precipitation. 



Root diseases & dwarf mistletoes 

 continue to cause subtle but 

 significant mortality and growth 

 losses. Losses offset In many cases 

 by Increased diversity and wildlife 

 habitat. 



Root disease and 

 mistletoe losses 

 increase where 

 fire suppression 

 and past harvest 

 practices have 

 increased hosts. 



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