Restoration of five-needle pines. Where western white pine, sugar pine, and 

 whitebark pine are being killed by blister rust and bark beetles, several options are 

 available to improve their vigor and resistance: 



• Density Tnanagement treatments, such as thinning or underburning, 

 increase vigor and make trees less prone to bark beetle attack, particu- 

 larly in stands with large sugar pines. 



• Underburning to maintain clear ground for seed hiding by birds is 

 essential for whitebark pine regeneration. 



• Rust-resistant western white pine and sugar pine is available to be 

 planted on sites where risk of blister rust infection is high. 



THE FUTURE 



Citizens, forest owners, and resource man- 

 agers must all become active to solve forest 

 health problems in Oregon and Washington. 

 Without cooperation and in- 

 teraction among groups with 

 diverse and opposing view- 

 points, future needs and de- 

 sires for products and ser- 

 vices from regional forests 

 will not be met. 



East of the Cascades, the 

 risks of uncontrollable, 

 stand-replacing wildfires 

 and widespread insect out- 

 breaks are very great unless 

 fuels and tree densities are 

 reduced. 



West of the Cascades, the continued in- 

 troduction of exotic insects, diseases, and 

 plants threaten the existence of native for- 



ests and, without continual vigilance, 

 chances of establishment and spread are 

 much greater. Air pollution, unless con- 

 trolled and reduced, will affect increasing 

 numbers of forest species, influencing their 

 ability to grow and reproduce. 

 On both sides of the Cas- 

 cades, incidence and severity 

 of many native insects and 

 diseases is closely linked to 

 forest management; aware- 

 ness of the effects of various 

 activities on insects and dis- 

 eases is essential to achieving 

 desired forest conditions. 



Forest management, forest 

 health monitoring, research, 

 and public education are the 

 tools needed to create and maintain the for- 

 ests that are so important to the people of 

 Oregon and Washington. 



The Future— 85 



