150 PHYSIOLOGY AT THE FARM. 



second time, passes, at least in part, into the third and fourth 

 stomachs. And as to the mechanism by which the one or the 

 other of these two effects is produced, it is discovered that there 

 are two distinct modes of deglutition the one that of the 

 gullet alone, which carries the aliment into the first and second 

 stomachs ; and the other that of the demi-canal of the gullet, 

 which conducts the ruminated aliment to the third and fourth 

 stomachs. Thus the non-ruminated aliment by the first mode 

 of deglutition gains access to the first and second stomachs, 

 and the ruminated aliment by the second mode of deglutition 

 arrives in the third and fourth stomachs. In more general 

 terms, it may be stated that non-ruminated aliment, or any 

 aliment which has not undergone sufficient comminution and 

 reduction, so that it still preserves a certain resistant bulk, 

 takes the first mode of deglutition, because by its bulk it dilates 

 the lower aperture of the gullet, and is carried directly into the 

 two first stomachs to which that aperture leads ; on the other 

 hand, the ruminated aliment or aliment, if not ruminated, 

 which is already comminuted and reduced or fluid takes the 

 second mode of deglutition, because, not being sufficient by its 

 resistant bulk to open the inferior aperture of the gullet, it 

 finds no other passage open but that of the demi-canal of the 

 gullet, by which it is carried straight into the third stomach, 

 and through it into the fourth stomach. 



Flourens has given ample proof of the correctness of this 

 statement. For example, if a sheep is opened immediately 

 after eating common food, that food is found partly in the 

 first and partly in the second stomach; but none is found in 

 the third stomach, or in the fourth stomach. In this experi- 

 ment a larger proportion of the food employed is found in the 

 paunch, a smaller proportion in the honeycomb. When the 

 food is reduced to a pulp before being given to the sheep for 

 example, carrots reduced to a pulp a part of the pulp, and the 



