166 PHYSIOLOGY AT THE FARM. 



appendix, has wrinkles and wave-like folds, and a glandular 

 aspect like the pyloric portion. 



Intestines. The intestines are of a considerable length in 

 the pig, being made, by some authors, even thirteen times 

 longer than the body. They are, probably, at least nine or ten 

 times longer. The colon and rectum together make about a 

 fifth part of the length of the small intestines. The ilium is 

 something near a fiftieth part of the length of the body. 



The small intestine is of uniform diameter throughout. It 

 ends in the caecum, which is of moderate diameter, and puck- 

 ered by the effect of three tendinous bands. The colon is of 

 the same diameter as the caecum at its commencement ; it 

 makes numerous turns, and in some parts hardly exceeds the 

 small intestine in diameter. It is puckered also, but has only 

 two tendinous bands. In the ilium there is a long glandular 

 patch. It is formed by glands of Peyer, patches of which are 

 also found at the commencement of the colon, particularly near 

 the orifice of the small intestine. The interior of the colon 

 appears everywhere pierced with extremely minute orifices, 

 visible with merely a lens, but innumerable. This apparatus 

 appears to be of the same nature as the patches of Peyer. 



The internal membrane of the small intestine has very fine, 

 short, hardly perceptible papillse. 



The intestines in the pig -have the same coats as in other 

 mammals namely, an outer serous membrane derived from 

 the shut sac of the peritoneum, a muscular tunic of longitudinal 

 and circular fibres, and an internal mucous membrane. The 

 blood-vessels, nerves, lymphatics, and lacteals follow the same 

 general plan, to which ample reference has been already made 

 under the horse (pp. 59, 65, 68). 



Liver. In the pig the liver corresponds in situation to its 

 place in other mammals namely, in the right hypochon- 

 driurn and the immediately adjacent regions. It has but 



