COMMON ELDER LAMB'S-LETTUCE. 395 



Cornacece, Cornel order. Cornus, dogwood, several species 

 of which produce fruit which is eaten. Cornus mascula, 

 the Cornelian cherry, was formerly much used to make tarts 

 and a rob de cornis which was kept in the shops. It is 

 frequent in shrubberies. Cornus suecica, the dwarf cornel, 

 produces berries with a sweet watery taste acceptable to chil- 

 dren ; they are supposed to be tonic, and to cause appetite, 

 hence their name in the Highlands, lus-a-chrasis, plant of 

 gluttony. It is often called the dwarf honeysuckle. The 

 wood of Cornus sanguined, the green-barked variety of the 

 common dogwood, is much sought after, owing to the freedom 

 of its charcoal from ash, for the manufacture of gunpowder. 



2. Monopetalce or Gamopetalce: Caprifoliacece, Honeysuckle 

 order. Sambucus nigra, common elder. The berries are 

 used to make a kind of wine. It is said that in Portugal, 

 colour is sometimes given to port wine with its berries. The 

 bark has been prohibited from being used in the vineyards. 

 Blackbirds are very fond of the berries. 



Cinchonacece, Cinchona order. Coffea Arabica, coffee-tree. 

 The hard albumen of the seeds furnishes the well-known 

 beverage. The endocarp, which encloses two seeds, is called 

 the parchment of the coffee. Coffee contains a bitter prin- 

 ciple, caffeine, which is identical with theine. 



Coprosma microphylla yields the fruit called native cur- 

 rants in Australia. 



Genipa. Species of this genus yield edible fruits. 



Galinacece or Stellatce, Madder order. Galium aparine, 

 goose-grass, or cleavers, which grows in every hedge, has 

 an albumen in the seed, employed as a substitute for coffee. 



Valerianacew, Valerian order. Valerianclla olitoria, called 

 also Fedia olitoria, lamb's-lettuce, and corn-salad. It was 

 formerly cultivated in this country as well as in France 

 and the adjacent countries, being prized for its early appear- 



