416 PHYSIOLOGY AT THE FARM. 



hickory-tree of America, produces an eatable nut. C. olivce- 

 formis yields the peccan-nut, which in America is used like 

 the walnut. 



Juglans regia, the well -known walnut-tree. J. cinerea 

 gives the butter-nut of Canada. 



ConifercB or Pinacece, Coniferous or Pine order. Arau- 

 caria imbricata, from Chili, and A. Bidwillii, from Moreton 

 Bay, have edible seeds. Juniperus communis yields the well- 

 known succulent cone as fruit called the juniper-berry, which 

 gives flavour to Hollands. Pinus sylvestris, the Scotch fir, 

 the inner bark of which yields the bark-bread of Norway. 

 P. pinea, the stone-pine, affords edible seeds. 



Taxacece, Yew order. Salisburia adiantifolia, the yinko, 

 has a resinous fruit, which is used by the Chinese under the 

 name of pa-kwo. The common yew, Taxus laccata, is poison- 

 ous to cattle, horses, sheep, and deer ; as also to the perch. 



Gnetacece, Jointed Fir order. The seeds of several of the 

 species are eaten. 



Cycadacece, Cycas order. Cycas revoluta of Japan has 

 starchy matter in the stem, which is collected and eaten like 

 sago. G. circinalis, in the Moluccas, affords a like kind of sago, 

 as well as a gummy exudation resembling tragacanth. Dion 

 edule, in Mexico, has starchy seeds, yielding a kind of arrowroot. 



Encephalartos is a starch-producing genus. Many of the 

 species afford what is termed Caffre-bread. E. pungens has 

 ripened its fruit in England. Zamia is also an amylaceous 

 genus. Some of the West India species afford a kind of 

 arrowroot. 



MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. Sub-class Dictogence. Dio- 

 scoreacece, Yam order. The plants of this order, though 

 amylaceous, are apt to be acrid. Dioscorea sativa, D. alata, 

 D. aculeata, produce edible tubers, which in the West In- 

 dies are known as yams, and used like potatoes. The acrid 



