586 GLOSSARY. AURICLES BREEDING. 



A bull belonging to the late Mr Bates of Kirkleavington, the emi- 

 nent breeder, near Yarrn, Yorkshire, lost 40 stones in the journey 

 to and from Oxford, where he gained the highest prize at the Eng- 

 lish Agricultural Society's first show there. 



AURICLES OF THE HEART. The two cavities of the heart to which 

 the venous trunks lead, the right receiving the two vense cavse and 

 the coronary vein, the left receiving the four pulmonary veins. 



AUTOMATIC. Not voluntary, not the result of the will. When the 

 infant sucks immediately after birth it does so automatically. 

 When the will becomes established it governs, or at least regulates, 

 such automatic acts. " The power of the will when fully developed 

 in man is especially exerted in controlling and directing ' the auto- 

 matic' activity of the cerebrum, regulating the course and succes- 

 sion of ideas, as well as the degree of emotional excitement, by its 

 power of fixing the attention on any object of thought which it 

 may determine to pursue, and of withdrawing it from whatever it 

 may desire to keep out of the mental view. This seems to be the 

 most distinctive attribute of the human mind in its highest phase 

 of evolution ; and it is this which gives to every individual the 

 freedom of action which every one is conscious to himself that he 

 is capable of exerting." Carpenter. 



AXILLA. The arm-pit. 



Axis. The middle line of any extended part or organ. 



AZOTE. The same as nitrogen. 



AZYGOS. Without a fellow, as the vena azygos, vena sine pare. 



BASEMENT MEMBRANE. A constituent part of any secreting appara- 

 tus, whether gland or surface, the other essential parts being blood- 

 vessels and cells. The basement membrane is apparently struc- 

 tureless. 



BLASTEMA. An ancient medical word, of obscure signification, now 

 employed to denote the fluid substance called germ substance, in 

 which molecules and granules, and finally cells, arise. 



BLIND GUT. See Csecum. 



BONNET. See Honeycomb. 



BREEDING, CROSS, AND BREEDING IN-AND-IN. Cross-breeding, and 

 breeding in-and-in, are two very important subjects in the rearing 

 of farm live-stock. Cross-breeding is less practised in the case of 

 horses than in that of cattle and sheep. It is the usage to keep 

 the breeds of horses pure. It is, however, a favourite practice to 

 put a thorough-bred stallion to mares of other breeds for the pur- 

 pose of procuring roadsters and harness horses. 



The cross most in favour in the case of black cattle is to put a 

 pure-breed short-horn bull to a cow of any other breed. The imme- 

 diate effect of such a cross is to fine down the extremities, to give 

 breadth and roundness to the carcass, to superinduce a disposi- 



