COLLOIDS 63 



be drained off by hollow needles, and it passes by gravity from one part 

 of the blood to another, neither of which processes would be possible 

 if imbibition were the essential factor concerned. If further evidence 

 against this hypothesis should be demanded, it might be found in the 

 utter failure of the therapeutic measures alkali administration that 

 are recommended to combat the edema. 



Action of Electrolytes on Colloids (apart from their effect on osmotic 

 pressure). It has been stated above that the charge which a colloidal 

 particle assumes may be neutralized by a charge of opposite sign car- 

 ried by an ion present in the dispersion medium. The neutralization 

 of the electric charge causes coagulation of the suspensoids but not of 

 the emulsoids. Of the positive and negative ions into which the elec- 

 trolytes dissociate, the one producing the coagulation is that which is 

 opposite in sign to the electric charge of the colloidal particle. 



A quantity of electrolyte which is capable of producing complete pre- 

 cipitation when added all at once to suspenroids will be ineffective when 

 added in small quantities at a time. This phenomenon, which is also 

 known to be exhibited when toxins and antitoxins are mixed together, is 

 probably owing to the fact that precipitation depends on inequality and 

 irregular distribution of electric charges, a condition which becomes 

 established when the electrolyte is suddenly added, but not so when it 

 is gradually added. The particles in the latter case become, as it Avere, 

 acclimated to the electric charges introduced by the addition of the 

 electrolyte. 



Proteins as Colloids. The most prominent colloids in the field of bio- 

 chemistry are the proteins. On account of complexity of structure, 

 however, certain factors intervene which render the investigation of 

 their behavior very difficult. As we shall see later, proteins are made 

 up of combinations of amino acids, each of which contains basic (NH 2 ) 

 and acid groups (COOH). The various amino acids are linked together 

 in protein by the COOH of one uniting with the NH 2 of another, with 

 the elimination of -water thus, CO j OH + H ; HN but some NH 2 and 

 COOH groups are left uncombined. According to the relative number 

 of these uncombined radicles, the protein (or polypeptid, page 601) 

 will exhibit faintly acid or basic or neutral properties. With acids, for 

 example, a salt will be formed by union with the NH 2 groups, Avhich will 

 dissociate into the anion of the acid and a large organic cation; whereas 

 with alkalies union will occur with the COOH group, and the salt on 

 dissociating will form a small cation of the metal of the salt and a large 

 complex anion. We may therefore obtain the protein with either a 

 positive or a negative electric charge by altering the chemical nature of 



