216 DIGESTION". 



granular, and nucleated cells about three times the size of the 

 glandular epithelial cells from either the cardiac or pyloric 

 tubules. These cells appear to fill the cavity of the tu- 

 bules, and give a varicose appearance to their lateral out- 

 lines." 1 



Todd and Bowman, who were among the first to point 

 out the important diiferences in the glandular structures in 

 different parts of the stomach, state that " for the most part, 

 these prolongations of the cells or, as we shall term them, 

 pyloric tubes end at length in very short and diminutive 

 true stomach tubes ; but we have likewise found them ter- 

 minating in either flask-shaped or undilated extremities, 

 lined throughout with the sub-columnar variety of epithe- 

 lium." 2 Kolliker, who has also specially investigated this 

 subject, states that the stomach-cells are entirely wanting in 

 the pyloric tubes ; 3 and Brinton, as the result of extended ob- 

 servations, makes the same assertion. 4 However this may be, 

 the observations of Kolliker and Donders on the human 

 stomach have shown that the active principle of the gastric 

 juice can only be produced by the stomach-cells, and does 

 not exist in the pyloric extremity. 5 



Todd and Bowman have found that the mucus which 

 generally covers the membrane of the stomach, filling up the 

 pits or depressions, is continued into the upper part of the 

 tubes, which it nearly fills, as though it had gradually oozed 



J Written communication to the author. 



2 TODD AND BOWMAN, The Physiological Anatomy and Physiology of Han, 

 Philadelphia, 1857, p. 549. 



3 KOLLIKER, Manual of Human Microscopic Anatomy, London, 1860, p. 321. 



4 Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology, London, 1859. Supplementary 

 volume, p. 322. 



6 KOLLIKER, loc. cit. In a note by Dr. Da Costa, the editor of the American 

 edition (Philadelphia, 1854, p. 506), it is stated that Prof. Kolliker had an op- 

 portunity of examining the human gastric mucous membrane in a fresh and nor- 

 mal state in a case of suicide by drowning. In this case, the differences in the 

 anatomy of the tubes in the cardiac, the middle, and the pyloric zone were fully 

 established. 



