ANATOMf OF THE KIDNEYS. 



cal substance, and other of the earlier anatomists, we 

 proceed to study the structure of the kidney as it appears at 

 the present day from the researches of later anatomists, who 

 have brought to bear upon their investigations more perfect 

 methods of injection and the improved microscopes now in 

 use. Among the authors whose researches have developed 

 the views now held by the best anatomists, may be men- 

 tioned Henle, 1 Bowman, 3 Goodsir, 3 Muller, 4 Gerlach,* Kolli- 

 ker, 6 Toynbee, 7 Huschke, 8 Isaacs, 9 with some quite recent 

 German and French observers, who have lately advanced 

 new and interesting views that have an important bearing 

 upon the mechanism of the secretion of urine. 



The arrangement of the secreting portion of the kidneys 

 classes them among the tubular glands, presenting a system 

 of tubes, or canals, some of which are supposed simply to 

 carry off the urine, while others separate the excrementitious 

 constituents of this fluid from the blood. It is difficult to 

 determine precisely where the secreting tubes merge into 

 the excretory ducts, but it is the common idea that the cor- 

 tical substance is the active portion, while the tubes of the 

 pyramidal portion simply conduct away the excretion. 10 



1 HENLE, Traite cTanatomie generate, Paris, 1843, tome ii., p. 503, et seq., 

 and Zur Anatomic der Niere, Gottingen, 1862. 



2 BOWMAN, On the Structure and Use of the Malpighian Bodies of the Kidney. 

 Philosophical Transactions, London, 1842, p. 57, et seq. 



3 GdODSiR, London and Edinburgh Monthly Journal of Medical Science, Lon- 

 don and Edinburgh, 1842, p. 474. 



4 MUELLER, Manuel de physiologic, Paris, 1851, tome i., p. 369, et seq. 



5 GERLACH, Beitrdge zur Structurkhre der Niere. MULLER'S Archiv, 1845, 

 S. 378, in CANST ATI'S Jahresbericht, Erlangen, 1846, S. 36. 



6 KOLLIKER, Ueher Flimmerbewegung in denPrimordialnieren, Idem, S. 36. 



7 TOYXBEE, On tlie Minute Structure of the Human Kidney. Medico- Chirur- 

 gical Transactions, London, 1846, vol. xxix., p. 303, et seq. 



8 HUSCHKE, Encyclopedic anatomique, Splanchnologie, Paris, 1845, tome v., 

 p. 285, et seq. 



9 ISAACS, ResearcJies into Uie Structure and Physiology of the Kidney, and 

 On the Function of the Malpighian Bodies of the Kidney. Transactions of the 

 New York Academy of Medicine, Xew York, 1857, vol. i., p. 377, et seq. 



10 TODD AND BOWMAN, Physiological Anatomy and Physiology of Man, Phila- 



