24:4 EXCRETION. 



few years, Budge, 1 Andrejevic, 2 Mac-Gillavry, 3 Chrzonszc- 

 zewsky, 4 Wyss, 5 Hering, 6 Frey, 7 Eberth, 8 Kolliker, 9 and 

 others have investigated this interesting question, by vari- 

 ous methods, and have arrived at the most positive and satis- 

 factory results. It is now demonstrated, beyond a doubt, 

 that there are either canals or interspaces between the 

 liver-cells in the lobules, and that these open into the in- 

 terlobular hepatic ducts. It is still a question of discussion, 

 whether these passages are simple spaces between the cells, 

 or are lined by a membrane ; but this point has no great 

 physiological importance, and we can readily imagine that 

 it would be exceedingly difficult to demonstrate a membrane 

 forming the wall of a tube, the whole measuring but 10 ^ 00 

 of an inch. In the investigations which have thus demon- 

 strated the arrangement of the finest bile-ducts in the 

 lobules, the livers of rabbits have been found to present the 

 most favorable conditions. It has been assumed, however, 

 that in the method of study by artificial injection, the ap- 

 pearance of canals might be due to the extravasation of the 

 fluid, which might possibly take on a regular arrangement 

 between the cells. This is an error of observation that 

 would not be unlikely to occur ; but not only have these fine 



1 BUDGE, Ueber den Verlauf der Gallengdnge. Archiv fur Anatomic, Physi- 

 ologic und wissenschaftlichen Medicin, Leipzig, 1859, S. 642, et seq. 



2 ANDRE jEVi6, Ueber denfeineren Bau der Leber. SitzungsbericMe der mathe- 

 matisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Classe der Kaiserliclien Akademie der Wissen- 

 schaften, Wein, 1861, Bd. xliii., I. Abtheilung, S. 379, et seq. 



3 MAC-GILLAVRY, Zur Anatomie der Leber, Idem, Wein, 1865, Bd. i., II. 

 Abtheilung, S. 207, et seq. 



4 CHRZONSZCZEWSKY, Zur Anatomie und Physiologic der Lebcr. VIRCHOW'S 

 Archiv, Berlin, Jan., 1866, Bd. xxxv., S. 153, et seq. 



5 WYSS, Beitrag zur Histologie der icterischen Leber. VIRCHOW'S Archiv, Ber- 

 lin, April, 1866, Bd. xxxv., S. 553, et seq. 



6 BERING, Ueber den Bau der Wirbelthierleber. Sitzungberichte, etc., Wein, 

 1866, Bd. liv., I. Abtheilung, S. 335. 



7 FREY, Handbuch der Histologie, Leipzig, 1867, S. 557, et seq. 



8 EBERTH, Untersuchungen uber die normale und pathologische Leber. VIR- 

 cnow's Archiv, Berlin, Mai, 1867, Bd. xxxix., S. 70, et seq. 



9 KOLLIKER, Handbuch der Gewebelehre, Leipzig, 1867, S. 428. 



