FUNCTIONS OF THE CEREBRUM. 327 



be no intelligence without brain-substance ; that when brain- 

 substance exists in a normal condition, intellectual phenom- 

 ena are manifested, with a vigor proportionate to the amount 

 of matter existing ; that destruction of brain-substance pro- 

 duces loss of intellectual power ; and finally, that exercise of 

 the intellectual faculties involves a physiological destruction 

 of nervous substance, necessitating regeneration by nutrition, 

 here, as in other tissues in the living organism. The brain 

 is not, strictly speaking, the organ of the mind, for this state- 

 ment would imply that the mind exists as a force, indepen- 

 dently of the brain ; but the mind is produced by the brain- 

 substance ; and intellectual force, if we may term the intellect 

 a force, can be produced only by the transmutation of a cer- 

 tain amount of matter. 



In view of these facts, which have long been more or less 

 fully recognized, though not, perhaps, very accurately defined 

 in words until within a few years, it is not surprising that at- 

 tempts have been made to locate the different mental attri- 

 butes in particular portions of the brain. 1 The old pseudo- 

 science of phrenology is the most marked example of such 

 an attempt ; but this has so slight a basis in fact, that it does 

 not, at the present day, merit serious scientific discussion. 



In treating of the functions of the cerebrum, we shall 

 not discuss psychology, except in so far as physiologists have 

 been able to connect the mind, taken as a whole, with a dis- 

 tinct division of the nervous system. In this we will draw 

 upon experiments on living animals, facts in comparative 



1 Gall, whose labors have hardly received proper consideration at the hands 

 of many physiological writers, from the fact that he is regarded as the founder 

 of the untenable system of phrenology, is entitled to the credit of having im 

 mensely advanced our knowledge of the anatomy of the brain ; but unfortunately, 

 his visionary and unsupported theories overshadowed his merits as an exact 

 anatomical investigator. As we do not enter into the early history of anatom- 

 ical researches, we have not referred before to his great work in six volumes, 

 which contains a large number of important facts, novel and interesting at the 

 time of its publication. (GALL, Sur les fonctiom du cerveau et sur celles de cha- 

 cane de ses parties, Paris, 1822-'25.) 



