330 NEKVOTJS SYSTEM. 



gence, from automatic movements. Bearing in mind, then, 

 the difficulties of the question and the caution with which 

 all observations upon the great nerve-centres of the lower 

 animals must be received in their applications to pure human 

 physiology, we will proceed to discuss the phenomena follow- 

 ing removal or injury of the cerebrum in direct experiments. 

 In 1822 and 1823, Flourens communicated to the French 

 Academy of Sciences his remarkable observations upon the 

 different parts composing the encephalon. His experiments 

 are so familiar to physiologists, that it is only necessary here 

 to give his general conclusions. As regards the cerebral 

 hemispheres, he found that the complete removal of these 

 parts in living animals, frogs, pigeons, fowls, mice, moles, 

 cats, and dogs, was invariably followed by stupor, apparent 

 loss of intelligence, and absence even of the ordinary instinc- 

 tive acts. Animals thus mutilated retained general sensibil- 

 ity and the power of voluntary movements, but were thought 

 to be deprived of the special senses of sight, hearing, smell, 

 and taste. As regards general sensibility and voluntary 

 movements, Flourens was of the opinion that animals de- 

 prived of their cerebral lobes possessed sensation, but had 

 lost the power of perception, and that they could execute 

 voluntary movements when an irritation was applied to any 

 part, but had lost the power of making such movements in 

 obedience to a spontaneous effort of the will. One of the 

 most remarkable phenomena observed was entire loss of 

 memory and the power of connecting ideas. The voluntary 

 muscular system was enfeebled, but not paralyzed. Eemoval 

 of one hemisphere produced, in the higher classes of animals 

 experimented upon, enfeeblenient of the muscles upon the 

 opposite side, but the intellectual faculties were in part or 

 entirely retained. Eemoval of even a considerable portion 

 of both hemispheres was followed by no very marked effect 

 as regards the intelligence. 1 



1 FLOURENS, Recherches experimenlales sur Us proprietes et les fonctions da 

 systenie nerveux, Paris, 1842, pp. .18, 31, 98, etc. 



