DRAINING 



15 



ture of useless effort. These remarks will apply, 

 with almost equal force, to any spading of the 

 land. 



In large areas, horses may be used to facilitate 

 the work of ditching. There are ditching plows, 

 which, however, need not be discussed here ; but 

 three or four furrows can be thrown out in either 

 direction with an ordinarily strong plow, and a 

 sub -soil plow can be run behind to break up the 

 hard-pan, and this may reduce the labor of dig- 

 ging as much as one -half. When the excavating 



6. Trenching with a spade. 



is completed, the bottom of the ditch is evened up 

 by means of a line or level, and the bed for the 

 tiles is prepared by the use of a goose-neck scoop, 

 shown in Fig. 4. It is very important that the 

 outlets of drains be kept free of weeds and 

 litter. If the outlet is built up with mason work, 

 so as to hold the end of the tile intact, very much 

 will be added to the permanency of the drain. 



Although under -draining is the most important 

 means of increasing the d^pth of the soil, it is 

 not always practicable to lay drains through gar- 

 den lands, either because the lands are already 



