PORTABLE COLDFRAMES 75 



place all the coldframes and hotbeds close together, 

 for the purpose of economizing time and labor. 



Various small and portable coldframes may be 

 used about the garden for the protection of ten- 

 der plants or to start them early in the spring. 

 Pansies, daisies and border carnations, for ex- 

 ample, may be brought on very early by setting 

 such frames over them or by planting them under 

 the frames in the fall. These frames may be of 

 any size desired, and the sash may be either re- 



77. A method of making a frame. 



movable, or, in case of small frames, they may be 

 hinged at the top, Figs. 79-82 illustrate various 

 types of handy frames. 



HOTBEDS. A hotbed differs from a coldframe 

 in having artificial bottom heat. This heat is 

 ordinarily supplied by means of fermenting ma- 

 nure, but it may be obtained from other ferment- 

 ing material, as tan -bark or leaves, or from arti- 

 ficial heat, as flues, steam pipes or water pipes. 

 The hotbed is used for the very early starting of 

 plants, and when the plants have outgrown the 

 bed, or have become too thick, they are trans- 



