OTHER RESOURCES OF MICHIGAN 93 



mits the loading of a cargo of 10,000 or more tons 

 of iron ore in two or three hours, while at the port 

 of destination the reverse process is likewise rapidly 

 completed through the use of great "clams'' or "Hew- 

 litts," which snatch many tons of mineral out of 

 the ship at a single "bite," placing it on the dock 

 for shipment by railroad to the furnaces and con- 

 suming centers of Ohio and Pennsylvania. The 

 abundant forests of the Lake Superior district have 

 afforded wood for the manufacture of charcoal em- 

 ployed in the smelting of a portion of the iron ore 

 mined here, but most of it is smelted and utilized 

 outside of the Lake Superior region. The local smel- 

 ters using charcoal derive from the iron and the 

 wood by-products, including acids and other chem- 

 icals of great commercial importance and add mate- 

 rially to the industrial status of northern Michigan. 

 The iron deposits of the Marquette Eange have a 

 general eastern and western trend, with Negaunee 

 at the eastern end, while its western extension ap- 

 proaches L'Anse. At various points mines have 

 been opened : at Negaunee, Ishpeming, Michigamme, 

 Republic, Gwinn and other locations, the ore being 

 exported largely through Marquette, although the 

 completion of the Peninsular Division of the Chi- 

 cago and Northwestern Railway to Negaunee in 

 1864, made shipments possible out of the Lake 

 Michigan port of Escanaba. For some years, too, ore 

 reached L'Anse, to which port the line of the present 

 Duluth, South Shore and Atlantic Railroad was 

 opened in 1872, and where an ore dock of the pocket 



