248 RURAL MICHIGAN 



the establishment of another trans-state route, the 

 old Detroit, Grand Haven and Milwaukee Eailroad, 

 which reached Grand Rapids in 1857 and Grand 

 Haven on Lake Michigan in the following year. 

 The main line of the Grand Trunk was formed out 

 of several elements, the easternmost of which date 

 from the eighth decade of the last century, at the 

 close of which this line reached Chicago. The first 

 constituent line of the Pere Marquette was opened 

 from Saginaw to Flint in 1863, and the system, 

 which now has its ramifications throughout a large 

 portion of the southern peninsula, was gradually 

 built up out of some fifty different entities, through 

 numerous reorganizations and financial performances 

 that left the company with a dubious record.^ These 

 units with their connections and feeders are the 

 main elements in the railway system of the Lower 

 Peninsula. The development of raining and lumber- 

 ing in the Upper Peninsula led to railway extensions 

 in that direction, consummated in the ninth decade 

 of the last century, with the construction of the 

 Michigan Central to the Straits of Mackinac (1881), 

 and the Grand Rapids and Lidiana (now a part of 

 the Pennsylvania system) a year later where a con- 

 nection was established with the Detroit, Mackinac 

 and Marquette line (now a part of the Duluth, South 

 Shore and Atlantic Railroad). The Ann Arbor 

 Railroad reached out towards northern Michigan 

 by a route deflected somewhat more toward the north- 



^Ivey: "The Pere Marquette Railroad Company," Lan- 

 sing, 1919. 



